Franka Timm
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Psychiatric conditions are highly heterogeneous, yet reliable biomarkers to guide diagnosis and personalized treatment remain limited. Normative modeling is an emerging method that enables the quantification of individuals' deviations from the expected norm, moving beyond traditional case-control comparison. Within a connectome-based framework, we developed a large-scale normative model (NM) of resting-state functional (rs-fMRI) connectivity across the seven canonical networks (Yeo et al., 2011). The NM was trained on rs-fMRI data from 4.904 healthy controls (ages 5–95) across 22 studies, with network-level connectivity derived from Schaefer-100 parcellations and modeled as a function of age, sex, and site using hierarchical Bayesian regression. We apply the NM to an independent transdiagnostic cohort (1.060 controls, 1.335 patients) to derive individual deviation scores reflecting atypical connectivity. These deviations are linked to multidimensional clinical phenotypes. This NM framework captures network-level alterations across diagnoses and enables biologically grounded, transdiagnostic stratification, advancing precision psychiatry beyond traditional diagnostic boundaries.
Franka Timm
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Marius Gruber
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany)
Kira Ahrens
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Henry Staub
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Paula Rehm
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Stefanie Fischer
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Lea Krätzig
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Delia Schepers
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany)
Ilan Libedinsky
(Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Tilo Kircher
(Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany)
Udo Dannlowski
(Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Department of Psychiatry)
Andreas Reif
(Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy)
Martijn van den Heuvel
(Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
Jonathan Repple
(Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Cooperative Brain Imaging Center - CoBIC, Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany)
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